Object (дополнение)
Единицами несоответствия в системах выражения дополнения в английском и русском языках являются: 1. Complex Object (сложное дополнение), который предлагается трансфор- мировать по следующей формуле: N1+ V*f.act. + N2+ Inf. (19) → + N1 + Vf.act. + that + N2 + V f.act. (20) Например: We know this physicist to have made an important discovery - → We know that this physicist has made an important discovery 2. Герундиальный оборот также является единицей несоответствия, кото- рую предлагается трансформировать по следующей формуле:
+ the fact -f that + N/Pron. Pers. + Vf (Ger.) ... (22) Например: We know about this physicist having made an important discovery → We know about the fact that this physicist has made an important discovery. Gerund Construction может выполнять функцию подлежащего. В этом случае Gerund Construction вычленяется и трансформируется по следующей формуле: N (') + Ger. ... + Vf ... (23) → The fact + that + N + Vf (Ger.) + Vf ... (24) Например: This scientist's having made an important discovery was known to everybody → The fact that this scientist has made... was known... Gerund Construction имеет структурные омонимы, которые могут быть раз- граничены только с учетом лексического наполнения и общего значения предло- жения или сверхфразового единства. Разграничение синтаксических омонимов сводится в этом случае к разграничению Gerund Construction и сочетания суще- ствительного с постпозитивным определением, выраженным причастием I смы- слового глагола. Такое разграничение омонимов производится при помощи соответствующих диагностических трансформаций. Возможность или невозможность таких транс- формаций определяется в большинстве случаев лексическим наполнением со- ответствующих структур и структурно-семантическим взаимодействием между элементами анализируемого предложения. Однако в некоторых случаях оказы- вается недостаточным проанализировать структурно-семантические связи в пределах одного предложения и приходится прибегать к анализу сверхфразовых единств, например: а)Some participants of the meeting saw the task and judged the effort from the standpoint of the decision maker looking for the precise answers and directly applica- ble policy advice. 3. Единицей несоответствия между английским и русским языками является также употребление нескольких предлогов, управляющих одним дополнением (дистантное расположение управляющего предлога и управляемого слова). Дополнительным вероятностным признаком такой конструкции является на- личие запятой после всех управляющих предлогов. Их следует преобразовать при помощи трансформаций стяжения и замеще- ния, т. е. поставить первый предлог и управляемое слово в контактное положе- ние, заменив это слово после остальных предлогов соответствующим местоиме- нием, например: Liquids were placed in a cell at, and in some cases near, the focal point of a lens → Liquids were placed in a cell at the focal point of the lens and, in some cases, near it. 4) бессоюзное присоединение придаточных дополнительных является еди- ницей несоответствия. Они преобразуются в обычные сложноподчиненные комплексы с союзом с помощью простой трансформации конвергенции по следующей формуле:
Например: We knew he had made an important discovery → We knew that he had made an important discovery. 5.Логическое выделение дополнения при помощи оборота it is... that, напри- мер: It is this very complicated and interesting problem that he chose as the subject of his thesis; It is to the astronomers of the distant future that we must leave the task of observing such clouds.
Задания к семинарскому занятию: Задание I. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 19 и примечаний 1, 2 лек- ции, а также словесного описания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной форму- лой 20 преобразуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
N1+ V*f.act. + N2+ Inf. (19) → + N1 + Vf.act. + that + N2 + V f.act. (20) Например: We know this physicist to have made an important discovery - → We know that this physicist has made an important discovery
I 1. Most people believe the amount of effort in science to be somehow correlated with the standard of living in the country. 2. The present-day situation forces more and more countries to start contributing to this field of research. 3. One will naturally think such course of events to be disastrous. 4. An efficient laboratory head always knows how to get his people to do their work properly and on time. 5. We find the reaction to proceed smoothly in the presence of an acid catalyst. 6. Nobody expects this problem to be solved within such a short period of time. 7. We are justified in considering the fundamental categories of cultural life to be essentially the same in all societies. 8. We are forced then to assume this reaction to proceed rapidly. 9. We know national parks to be abused and subjected to tourism in such a volume and pattern as to degrade and destroy the very natural resources whose preservation is legally required. 10. We know such expressions to have been resolved into real and imaginary parts. 11. We know measurements of the neutron total cross section to have been made by Darden. 12. We know professor K. to have published some observations on the means of communication employed by bees. 13. We believe a thorough understanding of the underlying principles and the essential techniques to be the proper background for bold ventures. 14.Mathematicians believe the solution of the equations involved to be reduced to a sequence of basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, divi- sion, square root, and possibly others, depending on the machine. 15. Many authors have considered the final response to signals to be based on an algebraic sum of the stimulus effects. 16. In the more distant future we should expect a more varied supply of protein to be provided by the improvement of ocean-fishing practices. 17. Every specialist in this field of science knows this conclusion to be supported by evidence from sources in the literature as well as by the current study. 18. Will these young people twenty years hence recreate the stratified pattern of their parents or should we expect greater homogeneity of cultural interests to emerge in the future? 19. He con- siders people in mass society to have lost the ability to take cultural issues seriously. 20. We predict the economic costs to be amply repaid in the long run by applications of space-oriented biotechnology to other fields of biology and medicine. 21. This statement I take to mean that for some purposes they use something very close to law and for others — something whose connection with law is fairly remote. 22. Let us consider these ideas to be applicable to Mars.
II 1. One can assume this to be self-evident. 2. One can expect the scope of re- search to expand steadily. 3. One can watch more and more people move into biology from other areas of research. 4. The history of the last thirty years shows him to have done very well. 5. We know him to have established a school of his own. 6. We know him to have objected to this style of research on previous occasions. 7. They consid- ered all water on the surface of this planet to have been liberated by volcanic action. 8. This information enabled the scientist to make a forecast for the next few years. 9. This analysis permitted the problem to be tackled directly. 10. However often we may have observed pieces of gold to dissolve in aqua regia, we must still allow it to be pos- sible that the next piece with which we experiment will not so dissolve. 11. We have not neglected, but rather have shown the existence of Gribov—Pomeranchuk poles to be irrelevant. 12. That is to say, the representation of the structure of a science is a model of a mere general and abstract theory of structure, which I take to be a meta- physical system. 13. Some authors believe the anonymous cultural production of craftsmen and peasants in the Europe of the later Middle Ages and of early modern times to have been destroyed by the growth of mass culture. 14. Assuming the iodate group to be a trigonal pyramid and with the aid of the Fourier projection, it was possi- ble to assign approximate x, у, z coordinates to all atoms. 15. I cannot tell even that what I take to be the same word really is the same for him. 16. Or is this curve, in con- nection with other curves, simply telling us to expect an event of major cosmic signifi- cance to take place in the next fifty years? 17. We consider it necessary to develop in detail the principal mathematical methods that are applicable. 18. Such a distribution can be derived by assuming the solid to be a homogeneous and isotropic medium. 19. We expect it to be generally recognized that the eventual solution of the energy prob- lem depends not only on developing alternative sources of energy but also on devising new methods of energy conversion. 20. The sovereign right of each state to categorize for national purposes what it considers to be its cultural and natural heritage is recog- nized in Article 3. 21. Descartes is not entirely right in expecting algebraic techniques to supply the effective methodology for working with curves. 22. It is suggested, there- fore, that the Court should have held the marriage to be valid under such conditions. 23. The reason for this limitation is not well understood, but it is not difficult to antici- pate a number of configurations to be considered in order to raise the limiting value of the thermal energy density. 24. Let us assume an airplane to be approaching an ob- server with a velocity equal to one half the speed of sound. 25. If we regard it as the triumph of culture to fit means perfectly to ends, and to do the most with the greatest economy of means, we must consider this discarding of the superfluous to be a great gain in modern English. 26. More recent theorists are inclined to consider much of the information in the brain to be received and stored by continuous line or analog mecha- nisms which are very difficult to measure and describe. 27. In so far as comprehension of a written word is a consequence of prior experience with the spoken equivalent, one might expect the speech system to take part in the processing of printed and written material. 28. But with cybernetic computers, new management techniques, and the benefit of centuries of accumulated knowledge and technique, one can expect the de- velopment cycle to be much shorter than it was for airplane or even the ballistic mis- sile. 29. Like Hume these philosophers divided significant statements into two classes: formal statements, like those of logic or pure mathematics which they held to be tauto- logical, and factual statements, of which it was required that they should be empirically verifiable.
3адание II. 1. На основании дистрибутивных формул 21, 23 и словесного описания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационными формулами 22, 24 преобразуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
+ the fact -f that + N/Pron. Pers. + Vf (Ger.) ... (22) Например: We know about this physicist having made an important discovery → We know about the fact that this physicist has made an important discovery.
Например: This scientist's having made an important discovery was known to everybody → The fact that this scientist has made... was known...
I 1. Immediate recognition of a discovery largely depends on its being made at a proper moment. 2. The story of radioactivity begins with Henry Bequerel’s having reported his discovery of rays of unknown nature. 3. Mendeleev’s having established a periodic law of nature has entered his name into the history book of the world science. 4. Success in science often results from the scientist’s confining his attention to one problem for many a year. 5. The results of the experiment depended upon his having applied the proper technique. 6. The idea of scientists’ being responsible for most ills of the present day situation is unfortunately quite popular. 7. A brain-storming session consists in every- body’s proposing as many, and as wild, ideas as possible, without being concerned as to whether they are workable. 8. Science is sometimes humorously defined as a practice of the scientist’s satisfying his curiosity at the expense of the Government. 9. One can visu- alize such a state being attained through the following chain of events. 10. It follows that, on a basis of consent, it is even possible to imagine a world state coming into existence in one of two ways and fully in accordance with international law. 11. The introduction of these generic social services has led to the statistics being considered as a whole, dis- closing their lack of coherence. 12. The new returns on children and staff will rely on local authorities keeping their own records from which the information may be extracted at the end of the statistical year. 13. There is more chance of this suggestion being true. 14. Gunther Steut's thesis about Avery's transformation studies and Mendel's experiments having been premature may be correct. 15. The specimens having been photographed under different conditions makes it impossible to properly identify them. 16. The story be- gins with the ancients observing the motions of planets among the stars and finally de- ducing that they went around the Sun. 17. The Meteorological Working Group concluded that meteorological research can be furthered by a trained meteorologist making observa- tions from an orbiting station. 18. Computers using for searching normal text aids greatly in the detective work of seeking information that goes back five or more years. 19. I was surprised at there being no mistakes in their calculations. 20. It possesses geometrical flatness without any physical cause being present to bring about this flatness. 21. If an in- visible object with very large mass is revealed, the case for its being a black hole is very strong. 22. Calender making certainly absorbed the greater part of the energy of the as- tronomers of the Far East, and the result of their endeavour is only too little known in the West.
II I. The solution of many problems being affected by practical requirements and limitations is beyond doubt. 2. Water power having been applied to all sorts of indus- trial processes is widely known. 3. We know of the following results being obtained by the joint efforts of many researchers. 4. Much depends on the student having personal interest in the subject and proper linguistic and cultural background. 5. Scientific and technological achievements being carried through to benefit man, to improve his life and to establish, develop and perfect advanced social relations is a well known fact. 6. It is generally accepted that experiments in geology are far more difficult than in phys- ics and chemistry because of the greater size of the objects and because of the geo- logic time scale exceeding the human time scale by a million and more times. 7. Such a postulate or working hypothesis can then be substantiated by additional observa- tions being supplied or by experiments especially arranged to test details. 8. It is worth mentioning at this point that solid state physics attracts as many research workers as nuclear physics and their achievements in spite of being less glamorous and less pub- licized are significant. 9. It is positively alarming to find the proper use of the English language being treated with less and less respect. 10. If an invisible object is thereby detected whose mass is too large for it to be a white ( or black) dwarf or neutron star, then the case for its being a black hole is a stronger one. 11. Another phenomenon consists in the discharge plasma passing through the gas it encounters instead of compressing it all in front of it. 12.Here one may think of the charge carriers being evaporated at certain temperature.
Задание III. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 25 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. При помощи соответствующей диагностической трансформации 26 с учетом общего контекста предложения определите, какие из вычлененных структур являются герундиальным оборотом (Gerund Construction) и какие - оп- ределительным словосочетанием. 3. Дайте русские эквиваленты всех вычле- ненных структур.
Например: We knew he had made an important discovery → We knew that he had made an important discovery.
1. The new classification scheme being based on entirely different grounds made it impossible to apply it in this particular case. The new classification scheme being based on entirely different grounds was suggested in one of his earliest works. 2. En- zymes being one group of ribosomes are the site of production of some proteins. En- zymes being one group of ribosomes is a well known fact. 3. The combustion of fossil fuels being one of the sources of solid particles was taken for granted by all research- ers concerned. The combustion of fossil fuels being one of the sources of solid parti- cles was referred to in this paper twice. 4. Fishes' body temperature being the same as the temperature of their surroundings has been the main reason for regarding them as cold-blooded animals. Fishes' body temperature being the same as the temperature of their surroundings is difficult to measure in natural conditions. 5. The most important of laser's advantages being their tremendous speed of action was discovered a few years ago. The most important of laser's advantages being their tremendous speed of action has been applied in many devices.
Задание IV. 1. На основании словесного описания анализируемой структуры (употребление нескольких предлогов, управляющих одним дополнением) вычле- ните эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформацией стяжения и замещения преобразуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
Например: Liquids were placed in a cell at, and in some cases near, the focal point of a lens → Liquids were placed in a cell at the focal point of the lens and, in some cases, near it.
1. The literary work in its recreation of life gives images which are similar to but not identical with life. 2. The basic theme of “The Forsyte Saga” may be defined as the life of the English middle class at the end of and after Victorian Epoch. 3. The purpose of such tests is not to give marks to, but to get some information about, the learners. 4. Liquids were placed in a cell at, and in some cases near, the focal point of a lens. 5. It has become possible only in the last few years to probe more deeply into, and to learn something about, the distribution of charge. 6. The Yorkshire Dialect Society publishes both literary works in, and academic studies of, the Yorkshire dialect. 7. Saussure speaks of the study of a dead language as something different from, or independent of, speech. 8. This factor determines, and at the same time is determined by, all other factors involved. 9. The value is either higher than, or equal to, the presented here. 10. In calculating the value one can, and often has to, use a more elaborate method. 11. The molecules might be built up by atoms collid- ing with and sticking to one another as they move around in the gaseous interstellar me- dium. 12. The tendency toward and the difficulty of seeing historical trends are very marked in such discussions. 13. For anyone who does not share these scientists' experience of and commitment to, superconducting technology, the outstanding problems still look formidable. 14. While a neutral state must abstain from assisting either belligerent, it is under no duty to prevent its nationals from performing services for rendering assistance to, or trading with, either belligerent. 15. New developments in science create new problems and are also af- fected by, and have impact on, man's social environment. 16. Although we have empha- sized the possible importance of chemical cues in terms of location of, orientation to, and maintenance of the school, it may, of course, be instrumental in detecting whether foreign fry are present. 17. In all the different strata of any given society, the effort to explore and explain the universe, to understand the meaning of events, to stir up senses by the control of, and response to, words, sounds, shapes and colors — these are the basic elements of cultural existence. 18. Radiation-activated gauges employing beta- or gamma-emitting ra- dioisotopes now are used to control the thickness of sheet materials. Even the tiniest varia- tions in the strength of the radiation beam being passed through or reflected from a given material will signal a variation in its thickness. 19. Unless, however, the non-member con- cerned consents to, or acquiesces in, such action, it would be difficult to reconcile any United Nations action to this effect with existing international law. 20. I did not, and did not intend to, advocate complacency, nor did I wish to join the alarmists. Whatever the reasons may be national populations — and thus, eventually, the world population — will sooner or later have a tendency to approximate a stationary non-growing state. 21. Our perception, apprehension and understanding of the world arise within and are limited by an interrelated set of beliefs and attitudes. They are the most fundamental attributes of the style of our cul- ture as a whole. They control, though they do not determine, the questions we ask of the world and the answers we discover in it. 22. Symbolization in words developed along with, and most probably out of, a medley of symbolizations in play, ritual dance, and song.
ATTRIBUTE (ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ)
Единицами несоответствия в системах выражения определения в англий- ском и русском языках являются: 1. Употребление одного существительного или цепочки существительных в функции определения/определений к одному определяемому слову-суще- ствительному атрибутивную цепочку такого типа можно обозначить формулой:
N1+ N2+N3+ ... Nn (27) в конкретных атрибутивных комплексах применяются трансформации кон- вергенции, связанные с заменой отдельных звеньев атрибутивной цепочки соот- ветствующим предложным или причастным оборотом, например: X-ray photo- graphs interpretation study →The study of the interpretation of the photographs made by means of the rays discovered by Roentgen; Earthquake waves theory →Theory dealing with the waves produced during the earthquakes. 2. Употребление Part. II (причастие II) в функции правого определения (без зависящих от него слов). Данная конструкция может быть преобразована в придаточное определи- тельное предложение при помощи трансформации конвергенции по следующей формуле:
N + Part. II (28) → N + Pron. Rel. + bef + Part. II (29)
Например: In our experiment the quantity which is measured is the nonelastic cross section. Примечание. Вместо Part. II в этой структуре может употребляться прилага- тельное: All the materials available сап be found in this library. 3.Употребление в качестве правого определения предложно-именной груп- пы типа on sale, under construction, in question и др. Данная конструкция может быть преобразована в придаточное опре- делительное предложение при помощи трансформации конвергенции по сле- дующей формуле:
N, + Prep. + N2 (30) → N1+ Pron. Rel.+bef + Prep. + N2 (31) Например: the papers which are on sale; the book that is under review; the re- mark which is of interest. 4.Употребление в качестве определения словосочетаний, имеющих структу- ру N + Part. I/II. Такие атрибутивные словосочетания отсутствуют в русском язы- ке и относятся к единицам несоответствия между английским и русским языками, например: the radiation-powered generator. Данная конструкция может быть преобразована в развернутое предложно- причастное определение по следующей формуле:
N1 + Part. I/II + N2 (32) → N2 + Part. I/II + Prep. + N1 (33). 5.а) Употребление инфинитива в функции правого определения, непосред- ственно следующего за определяемым словом. В русском языке такая структура- словосочетание отсутствует. Английская структура N + Inf. является единицей несоответствия и может быть преобразована при помощи трансформации кон- вергенции по следующей формуле:
N + Inf. (34) → N + Pron. Rel. + bef + Inf. (35)
Эта структура имеет в трансформированном виде формально выраженное модальное значение, а в исходной форме модальное значение подразумевает- ся, например: The problem to be discussed at the seminar → The problem which is to be discussed at the seminar; б) употребление инфинитива в функции определения после порядкового числительного, относящегося к подлежащему данного предложения. В русском языке такая структура отсутствует. Английская структура-словосочетание N + Num. Ord. + Inf. является единицей несоответствия и может быть преобразована при помощи трансформации конвергенции по следующей формуле:
N + bef + Num. Ord. + Inf. (36) → N + bef + Num. Ord. + + Rel. Pron + Vf (37)
Например: Lomonosov was the first to make a contribution to the solution of the problem → Lomonosow was the first who made a contribution to the solution of the problem. Примечание. Временная соотнесенность всего предложения, включающего эту структуру, определяется временем первичного сказуемого, выраженного гла- голом be. В некоторых случаях отнесение атрибутивного комплекса к прошлому определяется формой инфинитива, например: The first genes to have been iso- lated are those that make the RNA's in ribosomes → The first genes which have been isolated are those... 6. Употребление герундия (Gerund) в функции левого определения. Как пра- вило, герундий в этом случае указывает на то, что предмет, обозначенный опре- деляемым словом, используется для совершения действия, обозначенного ге- рундием (writing rules), или как-то иначе связан с таким действием (weathering processes). В русском языке такая структура отсутствует, так как отсутствует ге- рундий как часть речи. Структура-словосочетание Ger. + N является единицей несоответствия не может быть преобразована при помощи трансформации конвергенции по сле- дующей формуле:
Ger. + N (38) → N + Prep. + Ger. (39), например: a measuring instrument → an instrument for measuring.
7.Употребление определительного придаточного предложения, относящего- ся к существительному и присоединенного к нему без помощи союза (ср. с бес- союзным присоединением дополнительных придаточных предложений). Эта син- таксическая единица является единицей несоответствия между английским и русским языками, поскольку в русском языке определительное придаточное предложение может присоединяться только с помощью относительного место- имения, выполняющего функцию союза, и может быть трансформирована по следующей формуле:
... N + N2 (40) → N + Pron. Rel. + N2 ... (41) Например: The radiation is present in small amounts in the air (which) we breathe, in the food (which) we eat, in the water (which) we drink and in the earth (that) we walk on. 8.Особым случаем определения в обоих языках является приложение. Не- смотря на то, что и в английском и в русском языках приложение широко распро- странено и способы его выражения в целом сходны, большое количество ошибок при чтении и переводе относится за счет неумения учащихся правильно вычле- нить и понять эту конструкцию, которая внешне совпадает с простым перечисле- нием. Пользуясь следующей формулой для разграничения приложения и пере- числения, необходимо учитывать лексическое значение элементов структуры и общий языковой и экстралингвистический контекст предложения:
(...) N1 + Attr. (...) + N2 + Attr. ... (42) → N1 + Attr. + + which + bef + N2 + Attr.... (43) Например: Calligraphy, the elegant rendering of characters, is a highly cultivated art form that has long been prized in Chinese culture, much as painting is valued in the Western world → Calligraphy which is the elegant rendering of characters...
Задания к семинарскому занятию: Задание1. 1. На основании общей дистрибутивной формулы именных атрибу- тивных цепочек (27) и их словесного описания, с учетом лексического значения элементов цепочки и экстралингвистических данных, преобразуйте приведенные ниже словосочетания, заменив именные атрибутивные элементы цепочки соответ- ствующими предложными или причастными словосочетаниями. 2. Дайте русские эквиваленты приведенных ниже атрибутивных именных цепочек.
N1 + N2 +N3 + ... Nn (27)
Например, content analysis → analysis of content; analysis content → content of analysis;
League of Nations membership; employment relationships; science problems; re- search objectives; science development history; research facilities improvement; test- tube application; basic research work study; solid state physics development; pigment concentration measurement; reaction vessel construction; physics department profes- sor; nuclear physics specialist; high-energy physics advisory panel; scientific knowl- edge impact; science and society relationships; nerve cell specificity origin; lifetime ca- reer; species variation occurrence; radio astronomy devices; emergency controls con- struction; party politics influence; coal output increase; linguistic transformation theory development; computer engineers training; life development cycle study; design prob- lem solution; difference equation application; charged particles behaviour registration; production efficiency growth; cell division effect; plasma clouds creation; neutral parti- cles collision frequency; releasing visible plasma clouds technique; adequate bound- ary layer prediction; state power; accomplice evidence evaluation; space activities re- quirements; public assistance program; copyright property; government expenditure; verb structure theory model; land purchase contract; public health education; public health institutions.
Задание II. 1. На основании общей дистрибутивной формулы 27 анализи- руемых структур и их словесного описания вычлените эти структуры из при- веденных ниже предложений. 2. На основании лексического значения элементов структуры, а также языкового и экстралингвистического контекста преобразуйте вычлененные структуры, заменив именные атрибутивные элементы соответст- вующими предложными и причастными словосочетаниями. 3. Дайте русские эк- виваленты вычлененных структур.
1. A group of people working together to make an invention can be called a group in- vention. 2. A research group produces a group environment for its individual members. 3. The main problem is how to prevent the laser light fluctuations from perturbing the particle. 4. The major blood supply circulates through a single artery running below the skin along each side of the fish. 5. The students selected for these special mathematical classes should have the opportunity to engage on the annual science talents searches. 6. Thus we cannot have an all-purpose sense structure in any language. 7. Some of the contributors have only a spare time interest in physical research. 8. Water temperature appears also to affect the survival rate of adult fishes. 9. A relatively light particle such as a proton does not cause enough ionisation damage to produce detectable tracks in natural minerals. 10. This book-length study "Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England" was originally published in a journal of limited circulation and so was available to nonsub- scribers only in major libraries. 11. Among the many systems that can produce laser light are metal-vapor lasers. Such lasers generate continuous laser radiation at food power lev- els and over a wide wavelength. 12. The mass media themselves are represented mainly through spokesmen who have had serious research background. 13. In the most recent contribution to colour-vision literature, professor of biophysics presented a theory which is wholly physical in its character. 14. Colour vision scientists are seeing the light. 16. Some kinds of fast-swimming fishes have developed a complicated heat-exchange system.
II 1. The major blood vessels are no longer the central artery and vein of warm- blooded fishes. 2. There are several ways in which science teaching could be im- proved. 3. Recent improvements in detection devices have led to greater and greater use of radiation tracing in medicine. 4. Scientists study all kinds of plant and animal life on our planet. 5. The author and the publisher wish to thank editors of the journal for permission to use copyright material. 6. Density difference between air and water be- low the surface are considerably weaker. 7. Communication systems have become more sophisticated and their data-transmission rate has increased. 8. In face-to-face communication either of the speakers may imitate some feature of the other's speech. 9. In the substitution process used here knowledge of the lexical meanings of the words is unnecessary. 10. The notes usually include a check-list of the new terms which have been introduced. 11. Community as an ecological term means an assem- blage of plant and animal population occupying a given area.
III 1. From the symptoms of stroke patients and the anatomical site of the blood clot or burst vessels that caused the symptoms he concluded that the part of the cerebral cortex most directly concerned with movement lay in the territory supplied by the mid- dle cerebral artery. 2. For astronauts on months' or even years’ long journeys to dis- tant planets, biological batteries might solve a dual problem. They could serve as a waste disposal system while providing power for equipment and instruments. 3. Be- cause of the relatively very small quantities of radioisotopes required for classroom use and the relatively low radiation output of these sample materials, no health hazard is involved for students and teachers. 4. A device developed by this husband-and-wife research team could bring about a revolution in lightweight short distance goods transport, perhaps even the end of the conveyor belt for some purposes. 5. In its work on regulations for river areas outside the Adirondack Park, there is no state regulatory framework for land use such as that provided by the Adirondack Park land use plan, within which to work. 6. Many of the material name uncountables have countable homonyms with different referents (a fine set of woods, for instance) and so have many abstract-name uncountables (a real beauty). 7. Members of this closed class of noun-phrase head-words may be called determiner pronouns. 8. Although man- machine system experiments are of vital importance to psychologist engineers, data processing and operations research specialists little has been published about them or their methodology.
Задание III. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 28 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной формулой 29 преобра- зуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
N + Part. II (28) → N + Pron. Rel. + bef + Part. II (29) Например: In our experiment the quantity measured is the nonelastic cross section. → In our experiment the quantity which is measured is the nonelastic cross section. I 1.There is an objective relationship between the object named and the object im- plied. 2. The data have been obtained assuming a new model of the mechanism in- volved, which was suggested in an earlier study by the author. 3. The hypothesis pro- posed accounts for all the experimental observations made. 4. The equipment in- stalled modernized the laboratory. 5. The method applied increased the accuracy of the results. 6. At that time the problem presented increased danger of radioactive con- tamination and encountered opposition at most laboratories concerned. 7. The sub- jects taken up aroused a heated discussion. 8. The results obtained disagreed with earlier data reported by Dr. M. 9. The model suggested described adequately the thermodynamic peculiarities studied by Dr. M. 10. The procedure proposed provided the required mechanism of reaction. 11. A pure scientist wants to establish the under- lying relationship of the events observed. 12. Such developments decreased the bridegroom's expenditure of money, in terms both of cash and of store goods pur- chased. 13. The first aim of this paper is to find a proper value for the indices involved. 14. In physics and chemistry as well as in other exact sciences the quality of the in- struments used can be safely relied upon. 15. Clearly, the doctrine could be applied to river pollution too. In each case, the other country concerned denied its validity. 16. Our previous errors having been corrected we now proceed with the evaluation of the results obtained. 17. The phrase 'consent of the state concerned' was substituted for 'consent of the state on whose territory the property is located'. 18. The analysis yields some interesting clues about how the different classes of meteorites concerned origi- nated.
Задание IV. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 30 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной формулой 31 преобра- зуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
N, + Prep. + N2 (30) → N1+ Pron. Rel.+bef + Prep. + N2 (31) Например: the papers which are on sale; the book that is under review; the remark which is of interest.
1. The work in progress will hardly produce immediate practical results. 2. The text includes fragments of the opinions concerning the subject under discussion. 3. The problem at issue – man and his environment – concerns everybody. 4. It is rather difficult to point out all the defects of the system under investigation. 5. The book in question was published in 2004. 6. The portion of the particles at rest is insignificant. 7. Quasars and radio galaxies raise questions of interest not only to astronomers, but to physicists in general. 8. It seems to be a matter of custom among political theorists to make statements such as those under consideration. 9. But even if you do not ac- cept the thesis under discussion you cannot fail to recognize the contribution it makes to the study of constitutional law. 10. Another conclusion of importance to be made is that the properties of composites may be either isotropic or anisotropic. 11. Bright as the future of composites under study seems to be, there is still a great deal of work to be done before they can achieve a large share of their full potential. 12. As the subject continues to develop it is becoming increasingly possible for the results of formal acoustical research under consideration to be translated into useful information for the player and the instrument maker. 13. Whether one is a physicist, a musician or an in- strument maker, one tries to make use of any tools at hand to provide an instrument that helps rather than hinders the creative effort of music making. 14. By the procedure under consideration the stiffness of aluminum shapes has been greatly increased and weight savings of between 25 and 60 percent achieved.
Задание V. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 32 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной формулой 33 преобра- зуйте вычлененные структуры. 3. Дайте их русские эквиваленты.
Например: the radiation-powered generator → the generator powered by radiation.
1. Science is a Janus-headed figure. 2. Scientific development is an avalanche-like process. 3. The world's first nuclear-powered lighthouse, operated by a radiation-powered isotopic generator that keeps recharging an energy storage system, has recently been put into operation. 4. Certain organic water soluble acids form metallic complexes. 5. The Co- pernical revolution entailed a fundamental change in man's world view from an earth- centered planetary system to a sun-centered one and led to the development of modern astronomy and the exploration of space. 6. Pythagoras believed that what we call the posi- tive integers are God-given entities that formed the ultimate foundation both of mathematics and of the universe. 7. Programmes in high energy physics are undertaken only at the Government-supported large laboratories. 8. The experiments with biological electricity may lead to the development of body-powered devices which could be implanted into hu- mans together with tiny transmitters. 9. Steam-driven bicycle was built using a steam en- gine. Although earlier steam-driven road vehicles had proved too heavy and cumbersome, the technology of the lightweight bicycle seemed at that time to offer new possibilities. 10. Accident frequency in different areas of an automobile is depicted in terms of percent of all injury-producing accidents.
Задание VI. 1. На основании дистрибутивных формул 34, 35 и словесного описания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационными формулами 35, 37 преобразуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
Например: The problem to be discussed at the seminar → The problem which is to be discussed at the seminar;
Например: Lomonosov was the first to make a contribution to the solution of the problem → Lomonosow was the first who made a contribution to the solu- tion of the problem. I 1. The technique of collecting information will differ according to the problem to be solved. 2. An interesting distinction to be made here is between problems and tech- niques. 3. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the power of modern ex- perimental techniques. 4. The rate of our knowledge growth will surely increase in the years to come. 5. But the ideas were not confined to America and France, and these countries were not the only ones to experience political upheaval at that time. 6. One knows the technology of lenses and optical systems and the measures to take to pro- duce a time-symmetric electromagnetic wave. 7. The benefits to be derived from a process of specialisation can be as great in government as they are in industry. 8. Hume, for Kant, was an adversary to be refuted, but the influence of Rousseau was more profound. 9. That the dogmatism to be overcome appears in the name of the scientific method introduced by Galileo makes the situation especially piquant. 10. The simplest case to be considered is that of a neutral plasma. 11. This type of heating will be employed in at least one of the new experiments to be described below. 12. How- ever it is a use of tradition to be avoided. 13. By human standards the number of sig- nals to be employed by each species of animal is severely limited. 14. The most diffi- cult problem that the Wright brothers encountered, and the last to be surmounted, was the achievement of satisfactory flying qualities. 15. There are many specific comments to be made in reference to the topics presented. 16. Archeology, prehistory and other disciplines serve to fill out and complete the picture to be gathered from the study of vocabulary. 17. The sources considered have been continuous sources to be used in studies of absorption. 18. But the amount of information to be mastered is continuing to increase. 19. In dealing with airplanes to be flown by a human pilot it is obvious that to some extent the machine must be designed to match the man. 20. A large number of surprising and important discoveries to be studied in the nearest future occurred in astronomy. 21. The first effect to consider in solving the problem is the additional heat.
ll I. Dewey, in fact, was the last philosopher on earth to think of philosophy as just another specialized academic discipline. 2. He was one of the first to apply the princi- ples of Darwin to the cultural world. 3. Lord Rayleigh and Albert Michelson were the first to understand that it is a reciprocal measure of the spectroscopic line width. 4. R. H. White was the first to demonstrate the amplification of Rayleigh waves by the appli- cation of a direct current potential. 5. West Virginia was the first state to invoke regula- tions to blunt, however slightly, the impact of surface mining for coal. 6. While the views of British jurist Dicey have tended to dominate the discussion of conventions, he was not the first to observe the gap between the practical working constitution and the constitution which is contained exclusively in rules of law.
Задание VII. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 38 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной формулой 39, с учетом лек- сического значения элементов структуры и общего контекста предложения, преоб- разуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент. Ger. + N (38) → N + Prep. + Ger. (39), например: a measuring instrument → an instrument for measuring.
1. A third dilemma which deserves attention is due to a special piece of broad- casting legislation. 2. The book covers every aspect of the computer designing theory and its input output equipment. 3. The outstanding contradiction in Latin America is that the existing relations of production have been formed by the development of capi- talism inside the feudal land holding system and under imperialist, neocolonial domina- tion. 4. In actuality, when reading abilities are tested, disturbances of speech are nearly always accompanied by at least a mild disorder in reading. 5. The musician can vary the pitch, or frequency, of individual strings by changing their vibrating length with the pressure of his fingers. 6. Britain and Ireland provide breeding stations or winter quarters for a large proportion of the Atlantic Sea birds. 7. Latest research has devel- oped semi-permeable diaphragms for the economic conversion of seawater into drink- ing water. 8. The United Nations Organization gives a current (1971) population of 3. 7 billion with a growth rate of 2 per cent, or an apparent doubling time of 35 years. 9. Bills authorizing or encouraging public health departments to provide family-planning services at public expense were adapted in many states.
Задание VIII. I. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 40 и словесного описания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной формулой 41 преобразуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дай- те ее русский эквивалент.
... N + N2 (40) → N + Pron. Rel. + N2 ... (41)
Например: The radiation is present in small amounts in the air (which) we breath, in the food (which) we eat, in the water (which) we drink and in the earth (that) we walk on.
1. Each excited electronic state of the atom has a characteristic lifetime that indi- cates the average time it takes an electron to fall to a lower level and thus radiate a proton. 2. The answer Pauling came up with was that there must be a very close fit be- tween antibody and antigen molecules. 3. To answer this question we need to 'say a bit more about the neutrino itself and the physical problems it presents. 4. The solicitor has assumed the court would grant this decree. 5. The views I will examine are those of the XIXth century German philosophers. 6. To know something with precision it may be necessary to limit the object one wants to examine. 7. Independent study, begun at an early age, is one of the best habits a scientist can develop. 8. We have not been able to completely solve the problem we have attacked. 9. From historical point of view a change may be noted in the way science has been practised. 10. Altogether the group concept and the clarification and unification it brought to the diverse branches of mathematics must be reckoned a major achievement of the past 150 years. 11. Gen- erally, the parameters listed are those considered most relevant to the class of appli- cation the transistor was designed for. 12. In the present article, I propose to discuss some of the problems this research has raised and some of the results it seems to have established. 13. But the form this doctrine took did evoke criticism, which be- came more pronounced when the British ministers interpreted widely the powers given to them by the Defence of the Realm Act, 1914. 14. One of the most striking conclu- sions of the report is the high probability it assigns to the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. 15. The mechanisms I have discussed so far appear capa- ble of forming interstellar molecules in the observed quantities in regions adequately shielded from distructive ultraviolet radiation.
3адание IX. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 42 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. На основании трансформационной формулы 43, лексического значения элементов вычлененной структуры и общего контекста предложения преобразуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте русские эквиваленты первона- чальной и преобразованной структур.
Например: Calligraphy, the elegant rendering of characters, is a highly cultivated art form that has long been prized in Chinese culture, much as painting is valued in the West- ern world → Calligraphy which is the elegant rendering of characters... I 1. Modern man is addicted to superlatives: the highest mountain, the deepest sea, the largest animal that ever lived and so on. Is Mount Everest really the highest moun- tain? This duly accepted fact is called into question by Robert L. Birch, a reader of Scien- tific American. According to Birch, the highest mountain is probably Chimboraso in the Ecuadorian Andes. 2. V. F. Weisskopf, professor and chairman of the physics department at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology, is well known as a nuclear physicist. Not only has he engaged in nuclear research but, as director general of CERU during 1961— 66 and present chairman of ARE, high- energy physics advisory panel, he has guided the direction of such research. 3. In nature perhaps the most common example of the rein- forcing function of fibers is found in the structure of bamboo, a composite in which cellu- lose fibers are bound together in a matrix of lignin. 4. Small vein of pure copper was dis- covered in a core sample of sedimentary rock obtained some 350 miles southeast of New York City. The copper vein, the horizontal reddish structure in this longitudinal section of the original core, is about half an inch long. 5. A blood clotting chemical was recently iso- lated for the first time. One hundred milligrams of the chemical, a protein when purified, was isolated from 200 pints of human blood plasma. 6. Similarly, the Paiute, a desert people, speak a language which permits the most detailed description of topographical features, a necessity in a country where complex directions may be required for the loca- tion of water holes. 7. Calligraphy, the elegant rendering of characters, is a highly culti- vated art form that has long been prized in Chinese culture, much as painting is valued in the Western world. 8. One of the most interesting questions of astrophysics is: What is the nature and origin of cosmic rays, the high energy particles that crash into the earth's atmosphere after having travelled through space for millions of years at speeds close to the velocity of light. 9. The present theory of weak interaction has survived as long as it has mainly because almost all our experimental knowledge and measurements come from the beta decay of radioactive nuclei, where the energy is low and the theory is ade- quate. Now it can be subjected to the test of interactions at higher energies, a test to which physicists interested in neutrinos have looked forward for years.
II 1. The scientists say that the newly-found object (supernova star) is blue in col- our, an indication that it is close to maximum luminosity. 2. The largest member of the herring family, the American stad, much prized as a food fish, moves between the sea and its river spawning grounds with remarkable precision. 3. Daimler motor bicycle, the forrunner of the modern motorcycle was designed and built in 1885. 4. The re- search group at the Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cambridge, now have an impor- tant new instrument, the largest of its type in the world, for the investigation of cosmic high-energy phenomena. 5. The traditional view of the brain is that the highest level in its hierarchical organization is in the cortex, the outer part of the cerebrum. 6. It turns out that this is not true for the brain's motor functions, the control and integration of muscular movements. 7. We were well on our way through our next project, an explo- ration of the synthesis of gallium borohydrides, when a development occurred that ap- peared to rule out research in this area for some time. 8. "Tectonics" is a geological term pertaining to earth movements. The movements in question involve the litho- sphere, the rigid outer shell of the earth, which is of the order of 60 miles thick. 9. The data on 29 of the marriages came from Sasur, a Sebei farming community situated in the well-watered Sipi district at the western end of the Elgon escarpment. 10. During the past century large telescopes equipped with photographic plates have provided most of what we know about normal stars, stars whose temperatures range from 2,000 degrees Kelvin, or a third the temperature of the sun. 11. This long-awaited study, the first of a two-volume work, discusses the fundamentals of climate.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS (ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА)
Единицами несоответствия в системах выражения обстоятельства в англий- ском и русском языках являются: 1. Absolute Participle Construction (самостоятельный причастный оборот) представляет собой структуру-словосочетание, включающую именной член (су- ществительное или его эквивалент) и причастие I / II смыслового глагола. Эта структура входит в состав простого предложения и представляет собой развер- нутое обстоятельство. Absolute Participle Construction (N, + Part. I, II) является по- тенциальным эквивалентом обстоятельственного придаточного предложения может быть преобразована с помощью трансформации конвергенции в соответ- ствующие придаточные предложения. Структура-словосочетание Absolute Participle Construction является потен- циальным носителем четырех видов обстоятельственной связи (временной, причинной, условной, а также так называемой «причемной связи», обозначаю- щей сопутствующие обстоятельства). Первые три вида обстоятельственных отношений выявляются на основании анализа лексического наполнения элементов структуры и других структурно- семантических связей в предложении, и обозначающие их структуры преобразу- ются в соответствующие обстоятельственные придаточные предложения по сле- дующей формуле:
N1 + Part. I + N2 + Vf ... (44) → When (as, if ) + N1 + Vf (Part. 1) + N1 + Vf... (45)
Например: Silver being very expensive we seldom use it as a conductor → As silver is very expensive we seldom use it as a conductor. Четвертый тип синтаксической связи, обозначаемый анализируемой струк- турой, — сопутствующее обстоятельство — особенно широко распространен в научной литературе и требует особого внимания. Сопутствующее обстоятельст- во обозначает второстепенную по сравнению с содержащейся в первичном субъектно-предикативном словосочетании информацию и всегда следует за ос- новной частью предложения. Трансформация конвергенции в этом случае дает возможность преобразо- вать анализируемую структуру в самостоятельное предложение, связанное с ос- новной частью комплекса сочинительным союзом, по следующей формуле:
N1 + Vf + N2 + Part. (46) → N1 + Vf + and + N2 + Vf (Part.) (47)
Например: Не went on carrying his experiments, his collaborators assisting him → He went on carrying his experiments and his collaborators assisted him. Примечание. 1. Иногда перед причастием стоит предлог with, который под- черкивает в силу своего лексического значения сопутствующий характер обозна- чаемой анализируемой структурой информации, например: Не went on carrying his experiments, with his collaborators assisting him. Наличие предлога не влияет на способ преобразования структуры и перевода ее на русский язык. Примечание. 2. Иногда в качестве эквивалента существительного в данной структуре выступает наречие there, если вся структура является водящей по от- ношению к основной части предложения. Такие структуры преобразуются по ука- занной выше формуле, например: There being no alternative, we have to take this implicit concept for granted → As there is no alternative... Примечание. 3. Как правило, в качестве причастия в данной структуре вы- ступает –ing форма (или причастие I, или перфектное причастие, которое, как и все перфектные неличные формы глагола, указывает на предшествие действия, обозначенного средствами вторичной предикации, действию, обозначенному первичным сказуемым). В некоторых случаях в качестве второго элемента структуры выступает причас- тие II, которое является как бы «представителем» соответствующего причастия страдательного залога, например: All structural forms of buildings derive from physical laws, with the shape, size and weight (being) optimised to serve their purposes as well as possible →All structural forms of building derive from physical laws and the shape, size and weight are optimized to serve their purpose as well as possible. 2. Elliptical Adverbial Structures (эллиптические обстоятельственные структуры). Эллиптическое (с опущенным подлежащим и личной формой глагола be) придаточное предложение представляет собой словосочетание, которое потен- циально эквивалентно полному придаточному предложению. Анализируемое словосочетание может быть преобразовано в соответствующее придаточное предложение с помощью трансформации восстановления по приведенной ниже формуле. Такая трансформация является одновременно трансформацией кон- вергенции, поскольку она снимает структурные различия между соответствую- щими английским и русским отрезками текста:
Например: When studying at the university, we lived in Moscow → When we were studying at the University, we lived in Moscow. Примечание. Иногда эллиптические обстоятельственные структуры, вводимые условным союзом if, включают в качестве именного члена различные местоименные элементы (any, at all), значение которых можно определить только на основании анализа общего контекста предложения, например: Presumably сertain conditions have to be satisfied, but what these conditions are, if any, has not been determined. Ана- лиз предложения показывает, что any представляет словосочетание any conditions и условное словосочетание if any может быть трансформировано в следующее услов- ное придаточное предложение: If there are anу such conditions. 3.Логическое выделение обстоятельств при помощи оборота it is... that, на- пример: It is for this reason that such problems may be of general importance. (Под- робнее об этом говорилось ранее).
Задания к семинарскому занятию: Задание 1.1. На основании дистрибутивных формул 44, 46, примечаний 1, 2, 3 предыдущей лекции и словесного описания анализируемой структуры вычле- ните эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационными формулами 45, 47, с учетом лексического значения эле- ментов структуры и общего контекста предложения, преобразуйте вычлененные структуры. 3. Дайте русский эквивалент этих структур.
N1 + Part. I + N2 + Vf ... (44) → When (as, if ) + N1 + Vf (Part. 1) + N1 + Vf... (45)
Например: Silver being very expensive we seldom use it as a conductor → As silver is very expensive we seldom use it as a conductor.
N1 + Vf + N2 + Part. (46) → N1 + Vf + and + N2 + Vf (Part.) (47) Например: Не went on carrying his experiments, his collaborators assisting him → He went on carrying his experiments and his collaborators assisted him.
I 1. Poetic structure being a multi-layered entity, all of its layers share in the ex- pression of the idea. 2. The 24-hour rhythm being interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects. 3. A few more functional elements, germanium perhaps being a good candidate, may be discovered in the future. 4. Some scientists do not distin- guish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 5. At one time a giant lake extended from Vienna to the Aral Sea, its last de- scendants being the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea of today. 6 They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual prac- tice in those days. 7. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to an- other institute. 8. The danger of oversimplifying the problem seeming to be quite real, they changed the line of their attack. 9. The data found to correlate with more than one interpretation, they attempted to approach the problem from a different viewpoint. 10. The difference in time allows only direct observations of the actual geologic processes, the mind having to imagine what could possibly have happened in the past. 11. The plunger having started to move, metal passes through these channels into the space behind the ring. 12. Only feeble efforts having been made to investigate such common materials as wood, starch, wool, and silk, we know very little about them. 13. The ob- servational base of such series being formed by the present day situation and events, the comparative ontology has to be guided by the said principle. 14. The existing data being limited, no definite conclusions could be made. 15. Our previous errors having been corrected, we now proceed with the evaluation of the results obtained. 16. There are only two methods of communication for scholars, writing and speaking, communi- cation being not merely the desire and the responsibility of the scholar, but his disci- pline, the proving ground, the place where tests are made. 17. As a rule, a plot short story has a closed plot structure, its plot being built upon one collision. 18. There being no alternative, we have to take this implicit concept for granted. 19. One famous ques- tion was already raised: that of the "mathematical dream", it having been suggested that the solution of problems may appear in dreams. 20. The irreversible effects being well known, only brief discussion is required. 21. The professors being too busy to su- pervise the research of graduate students, I was permitted to take on several very competent Ph. D. candidates who could work on my problems. 22. The meaning of knowledge being a deep problem in philosophy, it is always important to ask what it means. 23. His paper dealing with collective agreements, it was discussed at the meeting of the Trade Law Department. 24. The history of the earth is inseparably linked to that of our planetary system, the gap between astronomy and geology being filled by cosmogony.
II 1. With research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most popular nowadays. 2. Mathematization of science is wit- nessed in almost all its branches, with specialists in humanities hurriedly joining the process. 3. With everyman being a layman in most fields but his own, it is very impor- tant to exchange information on major developments. 4. This is the principle of inertia - if something is moving, with nothing touching it and completely undisturbed, it will go on forever at a uniform speed in a straight line. 5. An understanding of these particles, in spite of their being connected with the basic forces of the universe, presents a tre- mendous challenge to the human intellect. 6. An initial agenda posed some of the key questions but they were not covered with equal attention, some topics having received relatively detailed scrutinizing, some being superficially touched upon and others not discussed at all. 7. Now, it seems to be characteristic of the two sexes in their relation to language that women move in narrower circles of the vocabulary, in which they at- tain perfect mastery so that the flow of words is natural and above all, never needs to stop, while men know more words and always want to be more precise in choosing the exact word with which to render their idea, the consequence being often less fluency and more hesitation. 8. Louis XIV's real triumphs were mostly before 1679, the apex of his career reached in 1682 and his power declining from about 1685. 9. If the cell is large, however, a complete rotation photograph will give too many overlapping reflec- tions for ease of measurement; in this situation two oscillation exposures can be made on the same film, one arranged so as to give a particular high angle reflection. 10. In regard to the proposed use of nuclear process heat, some doubt has been expressed that much advantage can be derived from this approach, the temperature involved be- ing too high for low-cost reactors. 11. Exact science in its generally accepted sense may be referred to as a family of specialized natural sciences, each of them providing evidence and information about the different aspects by somewhat different working methods. 12. Similar analyses may be made of the systematic errors present in other types of camera, the most important of these being the symmetrical back- reflection focusing camera and the flatplate back-reflexion camera. 13. It should be pointed out that this can go on with ever increasing temperatures until the terrific nuclear explosion of the supernovas occurs, very heavy elements being born in these explosions. 14. The oceans and the atmosphere are strongly coupled systems and cannot very well be treated separately. The final circulation pattern is determined by the interaction of the two systems, each system influencing the other in a complicated cycle of events. 15. In making the appointment the Crown is advised by the Prime Minister of the day, the practice — now of at least fifty years' standing — being to designate the successor to the office from the clerk's department. 16. Both Galileo and Newton being absolutely clear about the inductive character of the new philosophy; the theories, which they formed by synthesis of experimental results, were used for suggesting new experi- ments. 17. The binary cutting of sentences into immediate constituents, the first and the most important cut being between the group of the subject and the group of the predicate, was implicit in the analysis of traditional grammar. 18 Social scientists and physical scientists, each group representing a diversity of specialized disciplines, were brought together to review some implications of the interaction between science and society. 19. One of the main arguments against using computer programs in planning is that, the accuracy and validity of forecasted data being questionable, there is no sense in trying to refine planning procedure. 20. If proper precautions are taken this adjustment can be made with very great accuracy, a difference in time of arrival amounting to no more than 105 sec and being appreciated by an untrained observer.
Задание II. 1. На основании дистрибутивной формулы 48 и словесного опи- сания анализируемой структуры вычлените эту структуру из приведенных ниже предложений. 2. В соответствии с трансформационной формулой 49 преобра- зуйте вычлененную структуру. 3. Дайте ее русский эквивалент.
Например: When studying at the university, we lived in Moscow → When we were studying at the University, we lived in Moscow.
1. If used in private situations, common literary words may produce a humorous ef- fect. 2. The new approach, if successfully developed, would inevitably strengthen the ana- lytical definition of meaning. 3. It is a matter of common knowledge that photographic plates are spoiled when exposed to light. It is a matter of common experience that water expands when freezing. 4. Although this ship is now obsolete when compared with other research vessels of her size, she may be used for a few years yet. 5. Rutherford, while performing his classical experiments, observed the individual scintillations. 6. When digging into the earth, man has discovered layer after layer of rock, laid down by unseen processes in the remote past. 7. When using percents the word "hundredths" is replaced by the symbol "\%". 8. While building complex machines of this type, we gain a better understanding of human mental processes. 9. Using computers for searching normal text aids greatly in the detec- tive work that is so often necessary when seeking information that goes back five or more years. 10. This in itself is valuable information to have when trying to solve a crystal struc- ture. 11. In my approach to the subject I have tried to emphasize fundamental aspects, while at the same time bringing in some applications and typical results. 12. When using a calibrometer operating over a large temperature range, account should be taken of the change in mechanical properties with temperature. 13. He observed that a thermometer placed in the red light showed a higher t° than when placed in the green and violet. 14. For tionnaire did not mention possible interest in sciences other than mathematics. 15. When passing from one field of study to the other the psychologist did not have to change his point of view.
II 1. If one is really interested in science, one does not like any problem, however diffi- cult, to be left unsolved. 2. Presumably certain conditions have to be satisfied; but what these conditions are, if any, has not been determined. 3. To reduce the danger of back- contamination, appropriate quarantine and other procedures should be employed when handling returned samples, spacecraft, and astronauts. 4. However, an important limitation of the approach is its failure to take account of the possible desirability of irrigating a portion of the area of irrigated crop while allowing another portion to go unirrigated at least tempo- rarily, pending future reservoir inflows. 5. At the same time many formal changes, which are usually put down to analogy, appear in an entirely new light when set against the wider background of associations surrounding the term in question. 6. Such a method, if properly developed and extended to other components of meaning, would go a long way to rid se- mantics of that element of vagueness and subjectivity, which had hitherto seemed ines- capable. 7. Analytical evaluation of alternative means, and their consequences for achiev- ing postulated goals, is as necessary when considering space programs as it is for national defence of public health. 8. Moreover, there are few, if any, absolute principles in British constitutional law; all are matters of degree, and certainly the difficulties with this doctrine arise mainly if an attempt is made to regard it as absolute. 9. This seems to be absurd and unintelligible when judged according to our standards of empirical thought and "causal laws". 10. When applied to myth this principle was pregnant with important consequences and promises. 11. When looking only at the very fundamental and almost philosophical side of biology, we see that the unification of biology with physics poses some of the finest intellectual problems of the present age. 12. Very few, if any, crude oils contain sufficient toluene initially to insure the success of this operation. 13. In particular we wanted to de- termine the role, if any, of the solar wind in carbon chemistry. 14. Theorizing is rarely, if ever, confined within the precise conceptual limits of earlier science. 15. When studying this problem we could not help wondering whether we should risk making the experiment now. 16. In the preface to his work on the psychology of the emotions Ribot declared that, when compared to other parts of psychological research, the psychology of states of feeling was still confused and backward. 17. While comparing the calculated values of yearly mean seasonal extreme temperatures with those observed in reality, we find using the same for- mulae, that the total flow of heat into the polar basin must be 0.05 cal. 18. If I wrote out en- tire sentences, I would undoubtedly forget to read them when carried away by my speech. Or else, would read them and not be carried away. Of the two evils, the former is less seri- ous. 19. It is common practice for a husband, when buying a house, to convey it into the names of his wife and himself jointly. 20. When trying to understand what happens in this particular case one cannot avoid being influenced by the history of quite another problem. 21. Melodies hummed by another person were also identified better when heard by the left ear. 22. Typing one message while reading another is simple unless the meanings of the two messages overlap. 23. There seemed to be no easy way of avoiding this consequence while retaining the desired incentive for consumers who do have a choice as to the kind of gas they buy. 24. When reaching the end of its life, a massive star explodes, shedding a large amount of matter into space.
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N + Vf + Prep. + N/Pron. Poss. + Ger. ...
(21) → N + Vf + Prep. +
N1+ Vfl + N2 + Vf2 (25) → N1 + Vf1 +
that + N2 + Vf2 (26)
N + Vf + Prep. + N/Pron. Poss. + Ger. ...
(21) → N + Vf + Prep. +
N (') + Ger. ... + Vf ... (23) → The
fact + that + N + Vf (Ger.) + Vf ... (24)
N1+ Vfl + N2 + Vf2 (25) → N1 + Vf1 +
that + N2 + Vf2 (26)
N + bef + Num. Ord. + Inf. (36) → N +
bef + Num. Ord. + + Rel. Pron + Vf (37)
(...) N1 + Attr. (...) + N2 + Attr. ...
(42) → N1 + Attr. + + which + bef + N2 + Attr.... (43)
Conj. + Part. I, II/Adj./Prep. Phr. + N +
Vf... (48) → Conj. + N + bef + Part. I, II/Adj./Prep. Phr. + N + Vf...
(49)
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